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Summary
Summary
Winner, 2018 PEN/E.O. Wilson Prize for Literary Science Writing
Short-listed for the 2018 Wellcome Book Prize
A Top 10 Science Book of Fall 2017, Publishers Weekly
A Best History Book of 2017, The Guardian
"Warning: She spares no detail!" --Erik Larson, bestselling author of Dead Wake
In The Butchering Art , the historian Lindsey Fitzharris reveals the shocking world of nineteenth-century surgery and shows how it was transformed by advances made in germ theory and antiseptics between 1860 and 1875. She conjures up early operating theaters--no place for the squeamish--and surgeons, who, working before anesthesia, were lauded for their speed and brute strength. These pioneers knew that the aftermath of surgery was often more dangerous than patients' afflictions, and they were baffled by the persistent infections that kept mortality rates stubbornly high. At a time when surgery couldn't have been more hazardous, an unlikely figure stepped forward: a young, melancholy Quaker surgeon named Joseph Lister, who would solve the riddle and change the course of history.
Fitzharris dramatically reconstructs Lister's career path to his audacious claim that germs were the source of all infection and could be countered by a sterilizing agent applied to wounds. She introduces us to Lister's contemporaries--some of them brilliant, some outright criminal--and leads us through the grimy schools and squalid hospitals where they learned their art, the dead houses where they studied, and the cemeteries they ransacked for cadavers.
Eerie and illuminating, The Butchering Art celebrates the triumph of a visionary surgeon whose quest to unite science and medicine delivered us into the modern world.
Author Notes
Lindsey Fitzharris has a PhD in the history of science and medicine from the University of Oxford. She is the creator of the popular website The Chirurgeon's Apprentice , and is the writer and presenter of the YouTube series Under the Knife . She writes for The Guardian , The Huffington Post , The Lancet , and New Scientist .
Reviews (5)
Publisher's Weekly Review
British science writer Fitzharris slices into medical history with this excellent biography of Joseph Lister, the 19th-century "hero of surgery." Lister championed the destruction of microorganisms in surgical wounds, thus preventing deadly postoperative infections. This was a radical approach inspired by French microbiologist and chemist Louis Pasteur's discovery of bacteria. Lister, whose Quaker father introduced him to the wonders of the microscope, became an evangelist for the germ theory of disease and the sterilization of both surgical instruments and doctors' hands. The medical community resisted Lister's procedures, but his successful treatment of Queen Victoria boosted his reputation and techniques-winning converts first in Scotland, then America, and finally London. "Lister's methods transformed surgery from a butchering art to a modern science, one where newly tried and tested methodologies trumped hackneyed practices," Fitzharris writes. She infuses her thoughtful and finely crafted examination of this revolution with the same sense of wonder and compassion Lister himself brought to his patients, colleagues, and students. "As he neared the end of his life, Lister expressed the desire that if his story was ever told, it would be done through his scientific achievements alone," Fitzharris notes, respecting his wish and fulfilling it in the context of a remarkable life and time. (Oct.) © Copyright PWxyz, LLC. All rights reserved.
Guardian Review
The medical historian is obsessed with mortality -- and her new book examines the work of early surgeons, including Robert Liston, the 'fastest knife in the West End' The first time Lindsey Fitzharris saw a dead body, she was eight years old. Her great-aunt was embalmed and on display, a common practice at funerals in the American midwest. "My cousin asked me if I wanted to touch her; I was a kid, of course I did," she says. Almost 30 years after she brushed her aunt's cold, slightly too-firm arm, Fitzharris still remembers the instantaneous change that came from that gentle contact; a new perception of mortality revealed to her, like someone turning on a light. "It was one of those moments where you realise something has fundamentally changed with this body. That person is gone. I touched her and I understood then, that death meant something much bigger than I had previously thought." Today, Fitzharris is a medical historian: a self-explanatory title, but also an oddity. "When cabbies ask what I do, they're always like: 'Is that a real job?' I'm like: 'Sort of ... '" she says. "Wait til I mention the blog!" The Chirurgeon's Apprentice, has 2 million readers and is a reliable source of all things surgical and grisly. But her YouTube channel Under the Knife is where Fitzharris really shines. Blonde and apple-cheeked, she is animated and, like all the best historians, perennially excited about her field. The first time we meet, at a dinner, she pulls a sheep-intestine condom out of her stylish clutch and launches into a talk about Victorian attitudes to STDs. It is quite normal to have a conversation with her that includes interjections such as: "Have you seen the maggots yet?" (at a filming of a trailer for her book) and "Oh, but there are a lot of reasons why someone might have no nose," (syphilis and duels, apparently). Growing up in the modest village of Mount Prospect, Illinois, Fitzharris spent her childhood "doing cemetery runs" with her grandmother, peeking into mausoleums and hunting ghosts. Her high school inspired the TV musical Glee, (she was in the marching band) and after studying in the US, she moved to Oxford, where she did a master's, then a PhD. After realising that many shared her appetite for grisly topics, she started the blog, then the videos -- and now a book, The Butchering Art, a history of 19th-century surgery. When picking a subject, her mind first went to a big personality: Robert Liston, a hulking Scottish surgeon with hands so big he could reportedly use one as a tourniquet -- helpful when removing limbs in under 30 seconds. Once called the "fastest knife in the West End", Liston would operate in front of audiences, crowing: "Time me, gentlemen!" before hacking off the offending body part -- without ever washing his bloody hands. But in Liston's audience was a quieter man: Joseph Lister, a mild-mannered Quaker, who would make perhaps the most pivotal discovery in medicine. Hospitals then didn't admit patients if they couldn't pay for their inevitable burial, and surgeons wore aprons so stained with blood they were stiff enough to stand on their own. Anaesthesia only saw deaths shoot up, as increasingly brave surgeons lopped more off their pain-free patients. Infection was so normal that some doctors believed "laudable pus" helped remove "ill humours". Then, on the back of French biologist Louis Pasteur's discovery, Lister had his own: germs were killing people. Instructing surgeons to clean their hands, wear gloves and use chemicals to disinfect operating spaces, he was the father of antisepsis (fighting germs) and the modern practice of asepsis (removing them entirely). Lister became renowned, performing daring surgeries including a mastectomy on his sister on his own dining table, and removing an enormous abscess from Queen Victoria. The Butchering Art was not pain-free for Fitzharris. During a trip to Chicago in 2015, her then-husband, who she met at Oxford, emailed to let her know their five-year marriage was over. Fitzharris, fresh from finishing her postdoctorate, was financially dependent on him. She immediately returned to London to find he had moved out of their "spectacular" Westminster apartment. "There was no note. I didn't know where he was." It was their wedding anniversary. "That was when things began to get very real, in my head. I was living in a crystal palace that was about to shatter under my feet I couldn't even afford a week there.." Two weeks later, divorce papers arrived. Her passport was confiscated while her visa status was decided. With no job and her savings spent on lawyers, she couldn't pay bills and the electricity was switched off. Her lawyer advised her family against supporting her as it would complicate the divorce negotiations, "and she wanted me to walk into that court as impoverished as I could be, which was very easy in the end. There were moments when I couldn't even feed myself." In between "vomiting and crying", Fitzharris spent eight months writing. A move to West Hampstead placed her coincidentally close to Lister's grave, marked with a plain headstone, which she would visit to think and write. After a 500-page petition to the Home Office, she had indefinite leave to remain and within 24 hours of The Butchering Art being on the market, she had two six-figure offers from publishers in the US, and a day later, one in the UK. "I was so broke, I just started crying. My agent was like 'No, act like this is totally normal, you have to negotiate.'" During the divorce proceedings, her career was a sore point. "There were a lot of allusions to me being a failed writer who needed to get a job and get back in touch with reality. You know, 'She's a blogger, she hasn't got any money, she's lived off this man long enough'." Two years on, she's sunnily self-possessed and newly married to Adrian, an old friend, but I sense she is still kicking herself. "You can have all the degrees behind you and still find yourself in the stupidest position. I was reliant, entirely, on someone else. I had made the mistake that so many women in the past had made. Divorce left me feeling very discarded. It was awful." After rummaging in her handbag and a quick glance at the bar staff, she plonks an archaic and sharp-looking device on to the table. It is a replica of a clockwork saw, a 19th-century prototype that took off one too many assistants' hands and now sits in London's Hunterian museum. "I love failure. We don't talk enough about it. Failure leads to success. Like this clockwork saw -- it was a massive failure, but it informed everything that came after," she enthuses, giving the razor edge a little poke. "I think we only notice 'Eureka!' moments in history -- like, I sold a book -- instead of the failures that came before." Fitzharris has entered a world where women are openly interested in topics that have traditionally been eschewed as too gruesome: taxidermy, true crime, hugely popular podcasts such as My Favourite Murder or Serial. Her contemporaries are also her friends: mortician Caitlin Doughty, who wrote the bestseller Smoke in Your Eyes; Australia's Pia Interlandi, famed for her shrouds that degrade with corpses. But Fitzharris is less than surprised by the phenomenon. "It's funny that we think it is weird because in the past, women were the caretakers of the dead and dying," she says. "When you went home from hospital to die, women took care of you. When you died, women washed you, dressed you, dealt with the physical reality of death. Now we're seeing women reclaim these areas and we think it is weird because it is gruesome. Hell, in the Bible, Mary went to wash Jesus's corpse." Transhumanism -- using technology so that humans may one day transcend death -- is a male dominated field, she says, while groups promoting acceptance of death, such as the Order of the Good Death, are mostly women. Part of the Order herself, Fitzharris is particularly troubled by what she calls "the medicalisation of death", with patients more likely to die drugged or hooked up to machines. "In the 19th century, it was really inappropriate for the doctor to be at the bedside. But when opiates began being used, the definition of a good death changed from being a lucid one, where you prepare your soul and remain aware, to this drugged, painless death." The rise of home deaths, death doulas and hospices, she says, is a return to 19th-century thinking -- an attempt to make death feel like a natural process again. Fitzharris is a strange breed of celebrity: her ebullient fans write to her, ask for advice, send gifts (one recent present was a carved skull, of her book cover). She is about to start a US tour, including a talk at the Smithsonian, and fans are promising to drive hundreds of miles, give up wedding anniversaries, just to see her talk. In curious parallel, her mild-mannered subject experienced similar fanfare on his arrival in the US: sitting in one of Lister's packed audiences -- much the same as he had once done with Liston -- was a Missouri chemist who would name his first product after him (Listerine). Another was attended by one of the brothers behind Johnson & Johnson, who was so inspired that he started the company, initially selling only antiseptic bandages. Lister died in 1912, a legend in his own lifetime, something Fitzharris says irritated him; he wanted to be remembered for his scientific achievements, not as a celebrity. "This is the story of historical figures, though. We hold them up like saints, but it is nice to get a sense of the person lingering behind the legend." She laughs. "He'd hate my book." - Sian Cain.
Kirkus Review
Medical historian and popular blogger Fitzharris narrates the quest of a tenacious 19th-century doctor to save his patients; in the process, he transformed the world of surgery and medicine.Joseph Lister's choice to become a surgeon was not the most obvious or reputable one for a Quaker growing up as the son of an esteemed scientist acclaimed for his improvements to the microscope. In the early 1800s, a surgeon was little more than a butcher, a "manual laborer who used his hands to make a living, much like a key cutter or plumber today." It didn't help that surgery was extremely risky for patients. The introduction of ether to British medicine in 1846 was a critical turning point because it afforded surgeons more time to perform procedures. However, patients were still dying of post-surgical infections in high numbers, and Louis Pasteur's ideas about germs were still academic and not widely disseminated. Lister took up Pasteur's work and applied it to surgery, experimenting and finally finding an antiseptic and technique that successfully lowered rates of postoperative infection. He made it his mission to share his findings with a medical establishment clinging to old beliefs. It is thanks to Lister's tenacity and belief in the efficacy of his techniques, despite widespread skepticism, that so many people today don't have to look at surgery as a possible death sentence. Fitzharris knows how to engage readers in fascinating and shocking details about medical history. She clearly, if sometimes quickly, explains medical and scientific terms and techniques while also using novelistic details and narrative techniques to move the story along. In deftly capturing an "epochal moment when medicine and science merged," the author also offers an important reminder that, while many regard science as the key to progress, it can only help in so far as people are willing to open their minds to embrace change. Copyright Kirkus Reviews, used with permission.
Booklist Review
In the nineteenth century, surgery was not exactly science or art but rather a dicey and gruesome affair. Prior to the discovery and widespread use of anesthetic agents, patients were awake during their operations, enduring unimaginable pain and horror. And if they survived the surgical procedure, death from postoperative infection remained a big risk. Medical historian Fitzharris captures the chaos, personalities, and bumpy evolution of surgery during the Victorian period. The star of the story is the man who devoted much of his life searching for the source and solution to the problem of hospital infections. Born in 1827, Joseph Lister was religious and driven by scientific curiosity. He contracted a mild case of smallpox, suffered from depression, and was a bit of a hypochondriac. He experimented on frog legs and corresponded with Louis Pasteur. He was interested in how wounds healed. Lister's advocacy of antiseptic principles in surgery was revolutionary but a hard sell. He traveled across Europe and America, arguing for the acceptance of germ theory and promoting disinfection. Hygiene had its hero.--Miksanek, Tony Copyright 2017 Booklist
Library Journal Review
Our understanding of health and medicine has developed rapidly in the last 200 years. This book looks at a pivotal time in that development and one of the leading figures of modern medicine, Joseph Lister (1827-1912). Through observation, experimentation, and a passion to keep patients alive, Lister eventually overcame the prevailing beliefs of his day and saved countless lives. Readers will learn how breakthroughs such as pasteurization and the use of ether as an anesthesia led to a greater comprehension of bacteria and infection. Examples of cases, including personal accounts by patients, reveal frightening and painful surgery experiences. Descriptions of cringe-worthy hospital wards demonstrate how far we have come in our understanding of sanitation. Providing insight into Lister's character as well as detailing his life and death in England and Scotland are his personal relationships with colleagues, students, and his father. VERDICT A slightly gory, occasionally humorous, and very enjoyable biography of a man whose kindness, care, and curiosity changed medicine forever. An engaging read for history lovers.--Susanne Caro, Univ. of Montana Lib., Missoula © Copyright 2017. Library Journals LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Media Source, Inc. No redistribution permitted.